Archives

  • 2018-07
  • 2018-10
  • 2018-11
  • 2019-04
  • 2019-05
  • 2019-06
  • 2019-07
  • 2019-08
  • 2019-09
  • 2019-10
  • 2019-11
  • 2019-12
  • 2020-01
  • 2020-02
  • 2020-03
  • 2020-04
  • 2020-05
  • 2020-06
  • 2020-07
  • 2020-08
  • 2020-09
  • 2020-10
  • 2020-11
  • 2020-12
  • 2021-01
  • 2021-02
  • 2021-03
  • 2021-04
  • 2021-05
  • 2021-06
  • 2021-07
  • 2021-08
  • 2021-09
  • 2021-10
  • 2021-11
  • 2021-12
  • 2022-01
  • 2022-02
  • 2022-03
  • 2022-04
  • 2022-05
  • 2022-06
  • 2022-07
  • 2022-08
  • 2022-09
  • 2022-10
  • 2022-11
  • 2022-12
  • 2023-01
  • 2023-02
  • 2023-03
  • 2023-04
  • 2023-05
  • 2023-07
  • 2023-08
  • 2023-09
  • 2023-10
  • 2023-11
  • 2023-12
  • 2024-01
  • 2024-02
  • 2024-03
  • 2024-04

    • Approximately half of the subjects in these studies had dete

    2018-11-03

    Approximately half of the subjects in these studies had detectable anti-S. sonnei LPS antibody prior to vaccination. What induced these atm kinase inhibitor is not known: e.g., asymptomatic or undiagnosed prior infection with S. sonnei or exposure to organisms with a related O antigen e.g. the Gram-negative Plesiomonas shigelloides serotype O17, which may cause mild waterborne gastroenteritis in humans (Kubler-Kielb et al., 2008). As subjects with pre-existing antibody tended to have stronger responses to the vaccine and different pattern of boosting and decay kinetics, it will be important to consider the impact of pre-exposure in future trials by evaluating the response to different levels of pre-existing antibody in populations that may benefit most from a Shigella vaccine. These data support the development of a multivalent GMMA Shigella vaccine. More importantly, the peak antibody response occurred at a dose of 1.5/25μg and the maximum dose tested of 5.9/100μg was well tolerated. These results not only support development of a multivalent Shigella vaccine, but also other vaccines, built around the affordable GMMA technology, with the potential to impact on major global diseases of developing countries. The following are the supplementary data related to this article.
    Introduction Observational studies and randomized trials have shown that vaccines may affect morbidity and mortality unrelated to the vaccine-targeted infections (Aaby et al., 1995, 2003, 2010, 2011, 2012a,b,c). These so-called non-specific or heterologous effects may increase resistance or susceptibility to unrelated infections and may therefore affect child survival beneficially or negatively. These effects are seen most strongly while a vaccine is the most recent vaccination and may be reversed when other vaccines are given. The existence of non-specific effects (NSEs) of vaccines are supported by evidence from human and animal studies that priming with one pathogen may train innate immunity or induce heterologous T-cell immunity and thus reduce or increase susceptibility to subsequent infection with unrelated pathogens (Benn et al., 2013; Kleinnijenhuis et al., 2012; Netea et al., 2011; Welsh and Selin, 2002). WHO\'s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) recently reviewed the potential NSEs of BCG, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) and measles vaccine (MV). SAGE concluded that BCG and MV might have beneficial NSEs and recommended further research of the NSEs of vaccines (Higgins et al., 2014; Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization, 2014). NSEs were not considered when the current immunization schedule and ages of vaccinations were determined in the 1970s and early 1980s (Aaby et al., 2012d). However, if vaccines have NSEs, the way the program is implemented may have major consequences for child health (Aaby et al., 2012a,d). WHO recommends BCG to be administered with oral polio vaccine (OPV) at birth, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) and OPV in three doses at 6, 10 and 14weeks of age and measles vaccine (MV) at 9months of age. Vaccines are often delayed in low-income countries (Fisker et al., 2014). If a vaccine is delayed, it is recommended to give the vaccine at the first opportunity even if it means that it will be co-administered with another vaccine (BCG with DTP, DTP with MV) or in the inverse sequence (BCG after DTP, DTP after MV). In some countries, the majority of children may receive some vaccines out-of-sequence (Benn and Aaby, 2012; Hornshøj et al., 2012; Welaga et al., 2012). Still there are very few studies of how out-of-sequence vaccinations may affect child survival. It has been suggested that co-administration of BCG and DTP vaccinations should be better for child survival than following the WHO-recommended schedule of first BCG and then DTP (Aaby et al., 2004, 2011, 2012c; Hirve et al., 2012). This type of out-of-sequence vaccination is common; BCG is often delayed and some institutions have implemented programs which combines BCG with the first dose of DTP (DTP1) (Elguero et al., 2005). We therefore asked the ICDDR,B, Bangladesh, for permission to re-analyse the largest data set on vaccinations and child survival previously published from the Matlab Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) (Breiman et al., 2004) to test whether the effect of DTP is different when administered after BCG or when DTP and BCG are co-administered.