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    • In addition to GABA mediated mIPSCs

    2022-06-16

    In addition to GABA-mediated mIPSCs, glutamate-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic potentials (mEPSCs) regulate the excitability of the nervous system. GluRs can be divided into ionic and FSLLRY-NH2 metabotropic GluRs. Ionotropic GluRs can be pharmacologically differentiated by specific binding of the agonists NMDA, kainic FSLLRY-NH2 (KA), and AMPA, and are closely related with epilepsy [32]. According to present study, the expression levels of GluA1-4, GluN1, GluN2A and GluN2B in the rat hippocampi was decreased after treatment with liraglutide, and increased after treatment with ex9-39, which can undermine the effects of liraglutide. Additionally, immunoprecipitation confirmed that GLP-1R interacted with the GluA and GluN subtypes, which suggested that GLP-1R activation can down-regulate the expression levels of the GluA and GluN subtypes in PTZ-treated rats. Based on many studies, GLP-1 analogs or agonists can reverse the expression of GluR in animal models of AD and exert favorable anti-AD effects. Exendin-4 can the levels of GluR1 subunits and postsynaptic density protein-95 in AD [33]. Furthermore, treatment with GLP-1 analogue can effectively protect against the amyloid β peptide-induced decrease in mEPSCs, which shows that GLP-1/GLP-1R is highly probabilistic and closely related to synaptic plasticity [34]. The above evidence suggests that the GLP-1R up-regulation can reverse the changes in GluRs and GluR-mediated mEPSCs. We thus hypothesized that increased expression of GluRs decreased the frequency and amplitude of GluR-mediated mIPSCs, leading to increased neuronal excitability and thereby triggering epilepsy. In contrast, up-regulation of GLP-1R reversed the expression of GluRs in seizure-induced rats, resulting in the decrease in neuronal excitability and thereby alleviating seizures.
    Conflicts of interest
    Acknowledgements This research has been strongly supported by Chongqing Health Bureau (2013-1-05) Foundation Quanhong Shi. We sincerely thank the patients for the donation of brains.