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    • Introduction Osteosarcoma OS is the most common

    2019-06-28

    Introduction Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the bone. This neoplasm is defined histologically by osteoid deposition by the malignant mesenchymal Sodium 4-Aminosalicylate [1]. In OS, current evidence supports an osteoblastic population as the cell of origin [2], although the distinct histological subtypes (e.g. osteoblastic, fibroblastic, chondroblastic and telangiectactic) indicate potential for heterogeneous origins. In association with varying degrees of bone matrix deposition, OS is characterized by local bone destruction and frequent lung metastasis. Ten-year survival outcomes for patients with localized OS are approximately 65% and outcomes, along with the standard medical treatment, have not changed substantially in recent years. Patients with recurrent OS have a poor prognosis and there is great desire to develop improved therapies [3]. In solid tumors which have metastasized to bone or in giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB), lytic bone destruction is mediated by osteoclasts. Osteoclasts are highly specialized cells derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage necessary for the degradation of the organic and inorganic matrices of bone. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), a tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member, is essential for the formation, activation, and function of osteoclasts. RANKL is expressed by cells of the osteoblast lineage in the bone stroma as well as osteocytes and acts via a paracrine mechanism, binding to its cognate receptor RANK expressed on osteoclasts and osteoclast precursors [4]. Denosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific to RANKL, inhibits osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast-mediated bone destruction. In clinical studies, denosumab reduced tumor-induced bone resorption and skeletal complications of metastatic bone disease [5–7], including delaying the development of bone metastasis in men with castrate-resistant prostate cancer [8,9]. Osteoclasts have been observed in OS at sites of bone resorption, either at the tumor/bone interface or within the tumor tissue at sites of neoplastic osteoid [10]. Cortical destruction and extension of the tumor mass into the soft tissue is frequently evident in OS patients, suggesting involvement of osteoclasts in associated bone pathologies. The human OS cell line SaOS-2 has been shown to support osteoclastogenesis via RANKL production on the surface of OS cells [11] and RANKL expression has been reported on primary feline, canine [12], and human OS cells [13] with variable frequency. In preclinical studies, animal models of OS have also indicated that RANKL levels increase in tumor-involved bone [14,15]. Pharmacologic inhibition of RANKL has been shown to prevent increased osteolysis, reduce skeletal tumor growth and reduce lung metastases (often associated with an increased survival) in these models [16–18]. Osteoclast inhibition, achieved with either RANKL blockade or bisphosphonates, results in similar antitumor and bone-protective effects in these models [19]. These studies support the notion that RANKL, produced within the reactive bone stroma and potentially within OS cells themselves, contributes to OS-mediated bone degradation/lysis. In addition to potential alterations in RANKL in OS, RANK expression has been reported in mouse and human OS cell lines [20,21] and in primary human OS [20,22]. The prevalence of RANKL and RANK expression, as well as any associated prognostic significance, varies considerably in these published reports of human OS. In a recent characterization of another primary bone tumor, GCTB, we and others have confirmed significant RANKL expression within the GCTB stroma while RANK is expressed within the myeloid-derived giant cell component [23]. In patients with recurrent or unresectable GCTB, treatment with denosumab, was associated with tumor regression and reduced tumor-associated bone lysis [24,25]. The objective of the present study was to ascertain human RANKL and RANK protein expression in primary human OS using specific mAbs validated and optimized for immunohistochemistry (IHC).