Archives

  • 2018-07
  • 2018-10
  • 2018-11
  • 2019-04
  • 2019-05
  • 2019-06
  • 2019-07
  • 2019-08
  • 2019-09
  • 2019-10
  • 2019-11
  • 2019-12
  • 2020-01
  • 2020-02
  • 2020-03
  • 2020-04
  • 2020-05
  • 2020-06
  • 2020-07
  • 2020-08
  • 2020-09
  • 2020-10
  • 2020-11
  • 2020-12
  • 2021-01
  • 2021-02
  • 2021-03
  • 2021-04
  • 2021-05
  • 2021-06
  • 2021-07
  • 2021-08
  • 2021-09
  • 2021-10
  • 2021-11
  • 2021-12
  • 2022-01
  • 2022-02
  • 2022-03
  • 2022-04
  • 2022-05
  • 2022-06
  • 2022-07
  • 2022-08
  • 2022-09
  • 2022-10
  • 2022-11
  • 2022-12
  • 2023-01
  • 2023-02
  • 2023-03
  • 2023-04
  • 2023-05
  • 2023-07
  • 2023-08
  • 2023-09
  • 2023-10
  • 2023-11
  • 2023-12
  • 2024-01
  • 2024-02
  • 2024-03
  • As proof of principle the effect of selective

    2021-05-08

    As proof of principle, the effect of selective blockade was measured using TAK-044, a peptide antagonist with approximately 250-fold selectivity for the ETA subtype over ETB as measured by ligand binding in the human heart. A 30-mg infusion over 15 minutes of TAK-044 (providing a serum concentration of 2 nmol/L, calculated to block >95% of ETA but <5% ETB) had no effect on the immunoreactive plasma concentrations of ET-1. However, after a higher dose of 750 mg TAK-044 (providing a serum concentration of 80 nmol/L, calculated to block >99% of ETA and >75% ETB), the immunoreactive plasma ET-1 concentrations were increased more than three-fold over basal levels. Importantly, the concentrations of the ET-1 precursor or C-terminal fragment of big endothelin-1 were unchanged, indicating that the increase in ET-1 in the plasma was unlikely to be the result of increased synthesis or release. The most likely sources of endothelin contributing to the observed increase were displacement of receptor-bound peptide and a reduction in plasma clearance mediated by ETB.
    Does Selectivity Matter in Chronic Kidney Disease? Blocking ETB clearly results in a significant increase in circulating plasma ET-1 levels. However, with a mixed antagonist, this increase is unlikely to be important because the vasoconstrictor ETA also is blocked. Side effects including headache, nausea, and nasal congestion have, to a certain extent, been reported for ETA/ETB mixed antagonists and with ETA-selective compounds. For ETA-selective Indomethacin australia such as ambrisentan, nasal congestion and peripheral edema are more prevalent but they have less of the hepatic effects such as an increase in liver enzyme levels that require liver function tests and drug–drug interactions that are associated with mixed antagonists such as bosentan. Studies in mice selectively knocking out ETA from the nephron or collecting duct did not show ETA antagonist-induced fluid retention and this was attenuated where ETA smooth muscle had been deleted, suggesting the mechanism is a direct action on collecting duct receptors and partially within the vasculature. Liver toxicity has been a significant problem with bosentan but its mechanism of action has been proposed to be independent of ET receptors and is thought to occur by inhibiting the bile salt export pump leading to accumulation of cytotoxic bile salts, resulting in hepatocellular damage. In contrast, macitentan is thought to enter the liver via passive diffusion and not by active uptake. As a result, macitentan has been reported to have a better safety profile compared with bosentan for hepatic toxicity. This is an important consideration in patients with renal or hepatic disease. Bosentan is a competitive antagonist of ETA and ETB of the sulfonamide class, with a comparatively short half-life and good bioavailability. Bosentan, as with other dual antagonists, tends to have lower rates of fluid retention and edema when used clinically. Although bosentan has been shown to be effective in animal models of renal disease, the compound has not been evaluated in detailed clinical trials involving renal patients. Ambrisentan represents the second chemical class, is less ETA selective than sitaxentan, but has good bioavailability and a long half-life. However, again clinical studies have not been reported in chronic kidney disease. Key clinical studies have been performed using sitaxentan, the most ETA-selective antagonist that largely supports the hypothesis of selective ET blockade. A randomized, double-blind, three-way, cross-over study of patients with proteinuric chronic kidney disease compared sitaxentan and nifedipine with placebo for proteinuria, blood pressure, and arterial stiffness. As expected, plasma levels of ET-1 were unchanged during sitaxentan treatment, indicating that ET-1 continued to be cleared from the circulation but urinary ET-1 levels were decreased. Blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and proteinuria also were reduced significantly over 6 weeks. Intriguingly, asymmetric dimethylarginine, an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthases that is considered an independent marker of disease progression, was increased in these patients, supporting the concept that sparing ETB receptors from blockade with sitaxentan treatment would modulate the nitric oxide pathway. Importantly, these effects were seen in patients already receiving optimal treatment with ACE inhibitors and angiotensin blockers. A related study also found an increase in nocturnal dipping in blood pressure with sitaxentan. The results suggested that ETA antagonism had additional longer-term renoprotective effects in patients with chronic kidney disease.