br Methods br Results and discussion

Methods
Results and discussion Figure 1 shows representative pictures of observed issues, during walkthrough investigations that Tunicamycin would influence measured IEQ conditions-indoor air quality, thermal, acoustics, light and spatial, reported in the following sections.
Conclusions and future works This study has shown that children in the studied classrooms were exposed to poor IEQ conditions, especially with regards to issues relating to IAQ. Examined IAQ conditions include TVOC, CO2, O3, CO, and particulates levels. Average TVOC, CO2, O3, CO, and particle concentrations measured in the classrooms were 815µg/m3, 1605ppm, 0.05ppm, 1.16ppm, and 1730µg/m3, respectively. Whereas, Dubai Municipality recommended limits for TVOC, CO2, O3, CO, and particle are 300µg/m3, 800ppm, 0.06ppm, 9ppm, and 150–300µg/m3. Thermal conditions in most of the studied classrooms were within temperature and RH recommended limits of 22.5°C to 25.5°C and 30% to 60%, respectively. Average sound level measured in the classrooms was 59dB, while recommended sound level is 35dB. Out of the 16 classrooms studied, six (6) classrooms had average lux levels in the range of 400–800lux. Ten (10) classrooms had average lux levels greater than the recommended limit of 300lux. Two (2) classrooms had average lux levels in the range of 100–200. Six (6) classrooms had lux levels less than the recommended limit of 300lux. Majority of the studied classrooms had high occupancy density. Front desk rows were very close to the chalkboard. Our walkthrough investigations revealed sources that compromised studied classrooms’ IEQ conditions. Poor systems integrations affected IEQ conditions in the studied classrooms.
Acknowledgements This study is sponsored by the research grant-2011/166 award from the Emirates Foundation, United Arab Emirates. Partial funding was also received from the British University in Dubai. The authors acknowledge assistance provided by schools’ principals, staffs and teachers, and students.
Introduction However, the requirement is reversed in tropical regions that have only two seasons: hot and wet. This feature is also a difficult design restraint that tropical architects neglect in their designs, especially for domestic buildings. Additionally, studies on the tropics are unclear regarding the theoretical evaluation of the environmental performance of roof skylights systems because of incomplete research on this approach. A considerable number of studies and books on different climatic regions have not clearly addressed any systematic concept to evaluate the environmental load imposed on skylight systems. Most existing books and guidelines (McNicoll and Lewis, 1994; Heschong and Resources, 1998; Muneer and Kinghorn, 2000; Ruck et al., 2000; Edmonds and Greenup, 2002; Boyce et al., 2003; Mardaljevic, 2007; MS 1525: 2007; Boubekri, 2008; Szokolay, 2008; National Association of Rooflight Manufacturers, 2009; Kittler et al., 2012) have only discussed strategies and types, but a holistic approach toward tropical architecture remains lacking.
Process A roof skylight system under solar radiation is subjected to the diverse effect contributing to varying environmental behavior. Such behavior will therefore either increase or decrease the strength of the indoor load. This observation gives rise to the need to identify the effect of the sun load that falls on, interacts with, and is emitted from a skylight system. Figure 1 shows the basic theoretical concept of the load process influenced by the external environment, modified by the mediator (roof skylight system), and transferred from the system to the indoor environment, which consequently affects performance outcomes. To clarify a critical part of the concept, we should understand that the direct load from the sun imposed on the external environment differs from the indirect load modified by the roof skylight in the indoor environment because these loads represent actions and reactions in buildings that are controlled by a medium. Targeting the characteristics of each parameter will therefore enable the identification of the keys for evaluation.