Five historic villages were chosen from five

Five historic villages were chosen from five provinces in Southwest China as representative case studies, taking such characteristics of these villages as conservation status, landscape value, resident\'s ethnicity, orientations, and the relative locations to the adjacent big city into consideration. These five villages are Zhenshan Village in Guizhou Province, Zhanglang Village in Yunnan Province, Moluo Village in Sichuan Province, Huaili Village in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and Gongzhong Village in Tibetan Autonomous Region. Their basic features are shown in Table 1.
Landscape classification system of historic villages in Southwest China
Investigation of landscape transition in the five villages in the last decade
Conclusion and prospect
Introduction
Method
When and how did geometry penetrate Islamic architecture? The expansion and development of geometry through Islamic art and architecture can be related to the significant growth of science and technology in the Middle East, Iran, and Central Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries; such progress was prompted by translations of ancient texts from languages such as Greek and Sanskrit (Turner, 1997). By the 10th century, original Muslim contributions to science became significant. The earliest written document on geometry in the Islamic history of science is that authored by Khwarizmi in the early 9th century (Mohamed, 2000). Thus, history of Islamic geometrical ornaments is characterized by a gap of nearly three centuries—from the rise of Islam in the early 7th century to the late 9th century, when the earliest example of geometrical decorations can be traced from the surviving buildings of the Muslim world (Table 1).
Types of Islamic geometrical patterns For centuries, the compass and straight edge were the only tools used to construct polygons and required angles. Therefore, all IGPs originate from the harmonious subdivisions of circles and are based on templates of circle grids. Some researchers stated that the use of the circle is a way of expressing the Unity of Islam (Critchlow, 1976; Akkach, 2005). According to this AZD7762 doctrine, the circle and its center is the point at which all Islamic patterns begin; the circle is a symbol of a religion that emphasizes One God and the role of Mecca, which is the center of Islam toward which all Moslems face in prayer. Most IGPs are based on constructive polygons, such as the hexagon and octagon. Star polygons, which are fundamental elements of IGPs, are created by connecting the vertices of constructive polygons. From this category emerged the first level of IGP classification (El-Said et al., 1993; Broug, 2008). For instance, all patterns whose main elements are from a hexagon or a hexagram are classified as 6-point geometrical patterns; a star is called a 6-point star (Fig. 1). Accordingly, patterns are labeled as 8-, 10-, 12-…point geometrical patterns. Fig. 1 shows that at a certain level, the sides of the two adjacent rays of the 6-point star become parallel or divergent, thereby creating a deformed hexagon (i.e., rosette petals). Interestingly, the evolution of IGPs follows a difficult path of construction, in which polygons are built from the most easily formed shape (i.e., hexagon) to more complicated polygons and stars.
Conclusion
Introduction Architecture design is driven by a complex network of discrete decision making processes, which transform, crossbreed and mutate raw design data with subjective design intention and objective design constraints. With the rapid development of design computation techniques, complex computation models have been employed to facilitate sophisticated design decision-making and data management (Menges and Ahlquist, 2011). These computation models have enabled designers to work with highly complex geometry and huge amount of data to explore a whole new design field that is hardly achievable without computation techniques (Oosterhuis, 2011). However, followed an automation oriented design paradigm, most of current design computation models are constructed as efficient design problem solvers that clearly distinguish themselves from the rest of design decision making network. The communication with these isolated computation models heavily relying on numeric data thus fail in establishing an intuitive and efficient communication with designers, as not all subjective design intentions can be converted to parametric rules and coined into design computation models. As a consequence, with the general design focus shifting towards objective design constraints, the subjective design intention becomes further difficult to accommodate.