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    • The biological characteristics of cancer

    2023-08-01

    The biological characteristics of cancer invasion and metastasis are mainly attributed to the poor prognosis in cancer. It has been reported that overexpression of Ack1 promoted the migratory and invasive properties of breast cancer potassium hydrochloride by sustaining expression of epidermal growth factor. In contrast, the reduction of Ack1 expression induced the morphological changes of breast cancer cells and reduced the number of cellular synapses, resulting in reduced cell migratory and invasive abilities [21], [22]. In a previous study conducted by Eisenmann et al. Ack1 was demonstrated to be associated with the migration and invasion of melanoma cells. The products formed by the bounding of Ack1 and activated Melanoma chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (MCSP) could induce the aggregation and tyrosine phosphorylation of p130cas, resulting in increased intergrin-α4β1-mediated migration of melanoma cells [23]. The immunohistochemical findings of the present study showed that the Ack1-positive rate in HCC tissues was 80.92% (140/173). The rates of Ack1-positive expressions in the patients with capsular invasion, hepatic vessel involvement and recurrence were higher than without above three conditions. The differences were statistically significant between them (Table 1, <0.05). It was suggested that Ack1 was associated with the invasion of HCC, and could be a candidate biomarker for predicting tumor recurrence in HCC patients. In addition, it was found that the expression of Ack1 was independent of the patient's age, gender, pre-operative AFP level, tumor diameter, histological classification and pathological grading (Table 1). From the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, we confirmed that the survival rates of both high- and low-expression group declined progressively. However, the survival rates in the low-expression group were significantly higher than in the high-expression group (Fig. 4, =0.007). It was potassium hydrochloride suggested that the expression of Ack1 was associated with the prognosis of HCC. The higher expression had the lower prognostic survival rate in patients. The multivariate analysis showed that Ack1 expression, tumor size, and recurrence were the independent prognostic factors for overall survival (Table 2). Our finding indicated that Ack1 could be a useful prognostic biomarker for overall survival in HCC patients. In a previous study, a large-scale RNA interference (RNAi) approach was adopted to identify kinases that regulate cell survival and apoptosis. Ack1 was individually validated and was shown to reduce the proliferation and enhance the apoptosis of HeLa cell. The development of inhibitors that target Ack1 may lead to new anti-cancer strategies [24]. Recently Mahajan et al. [15] reported that Ack1 could exacerbate the malignant progression of pancreatic cancer. Inhibition of Ack1 expression induced the cancer cells to be arrested at G1 phase until apoptosis. Therefore, Ack1 is expected to become a new drug target for therapeutic intervention in neoplasms.
    Acknowledgements This study is funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China and the projector number is 2009D066 and the Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Fujian Province, China and the projector number is 2013B009.
    Introduction Activated Cdc42-associated kinase 1 is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase associated and bounded with cdc42 [1]. ACK1 due to its involvement in cancer diseases attracted so much attention over study of its biological function and properties [2,3]. Gene amplification and over expression of ACK1 can be found in different types of cancers in their advanced-stage. Activated ACK1 can also result in progressing of prostate cancer by phosphorylating, and activating the androgen receptor’s function [4,5]. ACK1 inhibitors not only provide a helpful role in cancer treatment by blocking the activities of ACK1 activitation, but also prevent the activation of Akt (AKT8 virus oncogene cellular homolog) or protein kinase B (PKB) [2], directly. Inhibiting the ACK1 would result in suppression of AKT tyrosine phosphorylation so that it could lead to cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. Akt plays a crucial role in cell survival, and it is necessary for growth of normal cells; however it is highly activated in various cancers due to its ability for relaying pro-survival signals [6]. ACK1 also provides the survival effects for Ras-transformed murine fibroblasts [7]. It is hard to identify ACK1 effects over promoting of human cancer cells [8], however, ACK1 is involved in the metastasis process in either vitro or vivo [9,10]; MSA [11]. Designing compounds possessing ACK1 inhibitory activities can be helpful to treat such cases; however we are not always sure about the biological activities of designed novel compounds. Several experiments should be run to synthesize, and then tested to illustrate the biological impacts of the newly designed molecules, however we are faced with time limitation and high-cost of experimental runs. Consequently, it is of interest to develop a model to predict the biological activities before any experimental works for synthesis [12].